What does nuclear proliferation refer to?

Nuclear proliferation refers to the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon technology to nations that do not currently possess them. This process can occur through various means, including the transfer of knowledge, materials, and technology related to the development and production of nuclear arms. The broader concern surrounding nuclear proliferation includes the potential for increased geopolitical instability, as more nations acquiring such weapons could lead to heightened tensions, conflicts, and an arms race. This definition encapsulates why the answer focuses on the expansion of nuclear capabilities among states, rather than reduction, regulation, or treaty frameworks, which are related concepts but distinct from the definition of proliferation itself.